Shortly after gulf war (G.W) thousands of war veterans referred with sign and symptoms of an unknown disease called G.W illness. Despite multiple studies undertaken by several non-governmental and governmental centers this illness remains unclassified and can not be coded by international classification of disease (I.C.D). The etiology has not been found and the illness appears to be multifactorial and basically related to use of depleted uranium (D.U) weapons, chemical warfare (C.W) and biological agents. This article reviews this illness and the adverse effects of D.U and B.c.W agents in the G.W battlefields.

E. J., the promoter, theoretician, and pioneer of "New Nationalism Movement" in Germany, characterized his nationalistic belief in 1920s, metaphysically in the form of war memories of the First World War. His perception regarding the phenomenon of war as "War is the father of nationalism." provided appropriate context to discuss war and nationalism in German literature and among political circles, critics, and German/ Non- German intellectuals. Juenger’s extremist view on war and nationalism led to new national movements in Germany. He, however, separated himself from political parties who were against the ruling government and were trying to overthrow it, and followed a non-conformist political view. He considered an ideological war as the only way of challenging. To discuss the war literature of E. J in 1920s requires a closer examination of his life before the First World War. His life in this period witnessed an unrest era and an adventurous and rebellious individual life that revolted against the rigid system of bourgeoisie, in order to satisfy a combative, adventurous nature and revolt against the quiet daily life of modem era. This type of thought was observed objectively in literary works known as war literature.

Imam Ali (as) was a virtuous statesman, who had a great deal of effort for the renewal of Islam from some innovations entering it. Given that the battles he took part in against the enemies of Islam were regarded as decisive battles in Islamic history, identifying the reflections of resistance in the fight of Ali (as) against the enemies is an indispensable issue. This study seeks to illustrate the reflections of resistance in Alavi epopees and war cries (rajazes) by adopting a descriptive-analytical method. the results reveal that the components of resistance, such as death and martyrdom in the way of God, patience and stability, courage and chivalry, honor to the lineage, as well as the intimidation and threatening of enemies have been reflected in Alavi war cries. Imam Ali (as) by the influence of the Holy Qur‟ an has illustrated the most beautiful and eloquent war cries in fighting against the enemies in a poetic and literary expression.

Anti-war literature is a subset of peace literature. Peace is portrayed in both negative and positive ways. Positive peace is defined on the basis of the concept of moral cosmopolitanism, while negative peace is in contrast to the concept of war. Accordingly, the cosmopolitan stories represent the utopia and the anti-war stories represent the ruined city. The data of this research are picture books with anti-war stories of age groups B and C. This article was written using the analytical-descriptive method and based on the formalist approach to answer how common devices (common formal patterns) are in children's anti-war stories. The result of this research shows that anti-war stories are divided into three categories according to the dominant element of the story based on the part of the triple process of beginning, middle and end of the war: beginning-centered, middle-centered and end-centered. Each of these three categories is further divided into subcategories based on the devices they use. The acceptance of the emerging genre of anti-war literature and the lack of sufficient internal and external research on peace literature for children necessitates research. This article is the first to categorize children's anti-war literature using a formalist approach. Introduction Peace in children's literature is presented in two ways: positive and negative. Positive peace means cosmopolitanism and coexistence while respecting each other's differences. "Negative peace is the absence of violence or war" (Galtung, 1969). In this article, anti-war stories are not stories based on mild and minor violence (such as ridicule or rejection), but the content of anti-war stories is based on the display of extreme violence (such as large-scale wars) with collective and physical injuries. Indeed, such stories represent the beauty of peace by showing the ugliness of war. The novelty of the present study is that it analyzes anti-war stories in children's literature and introduces a new classification. The classification of the forthcoming article not only helps the researchers of comparative literature, but also opens a window to peace literature for the authors of children's literature. Background Although the anti-war literature in the world has received the attention of researchers; But whether in Iran or abroad, there is still a lack of peace research in the field of children's literature. "Journal of Peace Research" abbreviated as JPR is an interdisciplinary monthly magazine that has been publishing research related to peace since 1964 (especially articles related to the causes of violence and conflict solutions). Among the peace research books, we can mention War no more: three centuries of American antiwar and peace writing (2016, Rosenwald). The said book is a collection of articles, stories, songs, memories and speeches that convey the message of anti-war and peace. Chapter 7 of War and American Literature (2021, Rosenwald); With the title "About anti-war literature", this author has also discussed American anti-war literature. In Iran, unlike the literature of holy defense, not much research has been done on anti-war literature. "Exploring Anti- war stories in the holly defense literature" (J′afariyan, 2014) is one of the few researches that have been conducted in this field. The mentioned research deals with the types of characters, anxiety disorders, political-social criticisms and nostalgia in Iranian anti-war stories. Aims, significance, and questions Some people consider anti-war literature to be imported. According to them, this genre is the concern of pacifist writers from countries for whom war recalls the crimes of the World War or the 20-year war in Vietnam and the like. At the same time, Iranian writers associate war with defense against the aggression of the Baathist regime in Iraq and tend to write stable literature. What confirms the necessity of this research is the fact that while writers once praised stability due to an imposed war, some of them now no longer see proxy wars as an inevitable necessity. Therefore, whether right or wrong, anti-war literature has become part of the reality of this country's literature. The research questions are: 1- Corresponding to the three stages of the war process (beginning, middle and end), what are the types of children's anti-war stories in terms of the dominant element? 2- According to the formalist approach, in each of the above-mentioned types of stories, the foregrounding  of the dominant element is based on what devices (formations)? 3- In children's anti-war stories, which devices are consistent with Baudrillard's simulation theory? Research Methodology The research method is analytical-descriptive, and the sample group is selected by the "purposive sampling" method. To complete the sample, the method of "data saturation" was used. Authored and translated books titled "Peace and Friendship" and one hundred and thirty-five picture and illustrated book titles for age groups "B" and "C" were collected from the Iranian publishing market through library research. Stories that had an explicit anti-war theme were separated from them. The sample size resulting from saturation consists of twenty-four works, which are cited below and in the final table of the article. This article's approach to studying children's anti-war stories is the formalist approach. The goal of formalism is to discover the form of the work. The key concepts of the formalist approach are: Form, devices, dominant element, foregrounding, defamiliarization. The war process has three parts "beginning, middle and end". Depending on which part of the threefold process of elemental war predominates, war stories are divided into three categories: initiation-oriented, middle-oriented, and ending-oriented. Each of these threefold categories is classified into sub-categories based on the devices and formalistic arrangements used in the work, and then a detailed tree diagram of each of the above threefold categories is displayed. Conclusion Considering the age conditions and the cognitive level of the children, the visual stories of age group "B" and "C" are very brief, single-core, and single-centered and do not have multiple focus. In other words, these stories explicitly convey only one message (no complex and multiple messages) by using highlighting. Therefore, the dominant element in these stories was clearly emphasized in a convergent manner through devices such as the title of the book, the naming of the characters, the phonetic and semantic forms of the descriptions and the images attached to the text. Based on which dominant element is formed by highlighting which part of the three stages of the war process, anti-war visual stories are divided into three categories: initiation-oriented, middle-oriented, and ending-oriented. In this context, this article, while presenting the devices related to each of the three types of dominant elements mentioned above, shows that despite the claims of some critics who consider the formalist approach to be a mechanical one and lacking a dynamic ability to critique and analyze contemporary literature, formalism, like any other approach, can still be effective in criticism and draw the patterns of similarities and formal differences of stories such as the anti-war stories in children's literature by relying on the dominant element and highlighting devices. References Galtung, Johan. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. The Journal of Peace Research. 6(3). Pp: 167- 191. J′afariyan, A. (2014). Exploring Anti- war stories in the holly defense literature. MA degree in the Persian Language and Literature. Shahrekord University: Faculty of Literary and Humanities. [Supervisor: J. Safari & visor: E. Sadeghi] [in Persian]. Rosenwald, Lawrence. (2016). War no more: three centuries of American antiwar and peace writing. New Yurk: Liberary of America. (ISBN: ‎ 978-1598534733). Rosenwald, Lawrence. (2021). "On Anti-war Literature". In War and American Literature. Jennifer. Haytock (Ed.). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Pp: 103- 118. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108654883.010).

IntroductionAlthough after World War I the concepts of "war literature" and "anti-war literature" have a special place in German literature and, still in some sources, any literary work with the subject of war, is considered as war literature, whether the author's view of the phenomenon of war is positive or negative. Although the concept of "war literature" for all war-related works does not impair the nature of these works: the different attitudes of war literature towards the phenomenon of war and the different goals pursued in these works reflect the fact that the concept of "war literature" should not be applied for all war-related works. The following article aims to extract the characteristics of these concepts by examination and confrontation of two works In Stahlgewittern by Ernst Jünger as a symbol of war literature and Im Westen nichts Neues by Erich Maria Remarque as an anti-war literature symbol. The article tries to extract the characteristics of these concepts from these works and shows that different literary works in the field of war should only be evaluated in close connection with the attitude of its authors.Background of studyAmong the works done in this case, it should be mentioned an article entitled "The inside of the novel is not news in the West" which was presented by Abdullah Hassanzadeh Mir Ali, Farzaneh Darwish and Sara Wazirzadeh in the second international conference on social, cultural and religious studies in 2017. Citing this work, the less visible layers of war have been taken into consideration. Another noteworthy article is "Comparison of anti-war literature in the works of Erich Maria Remak and Wolfgang Borschert" written by Parviz Azari Motamedi and Nasrin Zahirifard, which was published in 2012 in the journal of literary criticism studies, in which Remarque and Borschert's views on war are examined. MethodologyThe method used to achieve the goals of this research is the descriptive method. With this method, the authors do not seek to examine the concepts of "war literature" and "anti-war literature" on the basis of specific theoretical foundations, but the goal is to understand Ernst Junger's attitude and thinking. The method aimed to study how Erich Maria Remarque has understood the phenomenon of war from two works based upon the comparative analysis of these works. We will analyze the results as the basis for the necessity of separating "war literature" and " "Anti-war literature" in relation to literary works related to war.ConclusionThe following essay aims to compare the war diary in Storm of Steel by Ernst Junger and the anti-war novel by Erich Maria Remarque, not only to infer the characteristics of "war literature" and "anti-war literature" from these works, but also for the sake of showing the concept of "war literature" for every literary work. For this purpose the works related to the field of war should be evaluated and classified based on the thinking and attitude of their authors. If this aspect prevails, the works in which the phenomenon of war plays a positive role in the political, social, intellectual and spiritual development of the author should be referred to as war literature (or at least war literature in a special sense) and the works that describe the pains and sufferings of the people involved in the war, will be called anti-war literature. Even though the choice of the concept of "war literature" for all works related to war does not harm the nature of these works, however, the establishment of such concepts as anti-war literature in German literature and sacred defense literature in Persian literature requires a more serious attitude towards the evaluation of these works.

In Germany, as in Iran, all literary works in which war is addressed are traditionally counted as "war literature"; however, it is very doubtful whether this can provide a picture of the attitudes of the authors of literary war books to the phenomenon of "war". The fact that, in addition to the term "war literature", terms such as "anti-war literature" (in Germany) and "literature of holy defence" (in Iran) have also become established shows that the essence of literary war books can only be done justice if they are evaluated and subsumed against the background of their authors' attitudes towards war. The establishment of the term "anti-war literature" alongside the term "war literature" in Germany is due to different attitudes of the authors of literary war works to war, while in Iran the term "war literature" is used sporadically and due to (almost) uniform attitudes of war writers to war, another widely used term, namely "the literature of holy defense", is preferred. Against the backdrop of Ernst Jünger’s and Hamidreza Taleghani’s attitudes towards war—Jünger as a representative of German war literature and Taleghani of the literature of the Holy Defense in Iran—this article aims to crystallize and justify the characteristics of war literature and the literature of the Holy Defense through a comparative study, highlighting that their authors' differing perspectives on war necessitate a distinct categorization of theirworks. Ernst Jünger als Inkarnation der Kriegsliteratur versus Hamidreza Taleghani als Inkarnation der Literatur der heiligen Verteidigung In Deutschland wie im Iran zählt man traditionell alle literarischen Werke, in denen der Krieg thematisiert wird, zur „Kriegsliteratur“; ob man damit ein Bild von Einstellungen der Verfasser von literarischen Kriegsbüchern zum Phänomen „Krieg“ liefern kann, ist jedoch sehr zweifelhaft. Die Tatsache, dass sich neben dem Begriff „Kriegsliteratur“ auch Begriffe wie „Antikriegs¬literatur“ (in Deutschland) und „Literatur der heiligen Verteidigung“ (im Iran) etabliert haben, zeigt, dass man dem Wesen von literarischen Kriegsbü¬chern nur dann gerecht wird, wenn man sie vor dem Hintergrund von Ein¬stellungen ihrer Verfasser zum Krieg bewertet und subsumiert. Die Etablie¬rung des Begriffs „Antikriegsliteratur“ neben dem Begriff „Kriegsliteratur“ in Deutschland hat den Grund in unterschiedlichen Einstellungen der Ver¬fasser von literarischen Kriegswerken zum Krieg, während man im Iran den Begriff „Kriegsliteratur“ sporadisch verwendet und aufgrund (fast) einheit¬licher Einstellungen von Kriegsliteraten zum Krieg einen anderen weit ver¬breiteten Begriff, nämlich „die Literatur der heiligen Verteidigung“ bevor¬zugt. Der vorliegende Beitrag will vor dem Hintergrund der Einstellungen von Ernst Jünger (als Inkarnation der Kriegsliteratur in Deutschland) und Hamidreza Taleghani (als Inkarnation der Literatur der heiligen Verteidi¬gung im Iran) zum Krieg in ihren literarischen Kriegswerken mit einer ver¬gleichenden Studie die Charakteristika der Kriegsliteratur und der Literatur der heiligen Verteidigung herauskristallisieren und zugleich rechtfertigen, dass eine Subsumierung von Kriegsbüchern wegen unterschiedlicher Ein¬stellungen ihrer Autoren zum Krieg unvermeidbar ist. Schlüsselwörter: Krieg, Nationalismus, Kriegsliteratur, Literatur der heiligen Ver¬teidigung, Antikriegsliteratur, Ästhetisierung des Kriegs, Verherrlichung des Verteidigungskriegs

Addressing the issue of philosophy of war difficult. In the other words, the relationship between Philosophy and war seems to be difficult one. Alexander Moseley is a Political Philosophy Editor for the IEP (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and he has lectured on the Philosophy and morality of war at Several British universities. In his book called The Philosophy of War he explained why do humans fight each other? He said “ what I hope to establish in this work is that the Principles of war s origins involve all aspects of our nature, culture, and thinking. We fight because we believe in fighting and our beliefs have to change if we wish to abandon war. The research method in this book and this article is analytical and Philosophical.